Citizenship Wanted, but Denied: The Racial Prerequisite Cases and Their Role in Institutionalizing Racism Against Asians: a Journal for Readers, Students and Teachers of History

This article explores the racial prerequisite cases, which were dubious court decisions that attempted to rationalize pseudo-scientific evidence and common knowledge as reasons for who could and could not be considered for, and who was ultimately denied, U.S. citizenship. These cases are historical antecedents of the current anti-Asian racism that has become even more pronounced as a result of COVID-19. Social studies educators can leverage these court cases to teach about controversial and relevant issues that connect to current immigration and citizenship policies, as well as provide historical context for contemporary discussions about race and racism.

Through the Lens of Social Studies, What Has Changed for Refugees to the U.S. since the COVID-19 Pandemic Began? An Inquiry Lesson for Secondary Education: a Journal for Readers, Students and Teachers of History

As the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds, every aspect of daily life is being altered in response to the virus. The pandemic has altered secondary education. Classes online, teachers struggling to learn Zoom and make lessons meaningful and relevant to students. Students struggling to make sense of this moment, struggling with mental health issues due to the loss of routine and in many cases contact with adult role models. Unfortunately, in times of crisis such as these some of the most disenfranchized people in society are completely overlooked and forgotten, such as refugees. However, if more teachers were to leverage the social studies potential of current events such as the Coronavirus, greater empathy would be felt for marginalized people more starkly impacted by the pandemic, leading ultimately to a heightened sense of civic engagement among the next generation. The purpose of this paper is to assist teachers in guiding their students through analyzing current events, such as COVID-19's impact on refugees, toward developing civic mindedness. In addition to this, the paper will discuss some of the broader societal impacts the virus is having within the United States, as well as ways in which this event may be viewed as a historical subject in the future. The paper will begin by building the content knowledge of high school social studies teachers through addressing the following question: "What is the difference between a refugee entering the United States now versus one year ago before the COVID-19 pandemic?” Following this, the authors will present an inquiry-based learning segment designed to teach the History correlated to the COVID-19 pandemic to a classroom of secondary education students. The inquiry template follows the standard C3 format utilized by the State of Connecticut.

A Guided Inquiry Into America's White Hegemony, Yesterday's Terror and Today's Horror: a Journal for Readers, Students and Teachers of History

Teachers value students' close reading of and text-based writing about diverse texts while eliciting their awareness of the world, privilege, and power. Carefully selected literature coupled with primary sources can bridge the classroom and society. To engage modern students in America's racialized past and present, this article guides teachers to intertwine villains and heroes, real and imagined, past and present. During an intradisciplinary unit linking social studies/history and English/language arts, a twin-text approach enabled students to scrutinize two trade books and supplementary primary sources. Close reading and text-based writing strategies were coupled with an authentic assessment to spark students' creative expressions, critical thinking, and informed civic dialogue. Teaching America's horrid history with racism is provocative yet necessary as oft-overlooked voices reshape public memory and the COVID-19 pandemic redefines collective concerns.

Gender, Parenthood, and Employment During COVID-19: An Immigrant-Native Born Comparison in Canada

La pandémie de COVID-19 a bouleversé notre façon de vivre et de travailler. Au Canada, le fossé entre les sexes en matiere d'emploi chez les parents de jeunes enfants s'est considérablement enforcé pendant la pandémie. Les études antérieures, cependant, examinent les parents au Canada sans distinction de leur statut d'immigrant, bien que les parents immigrants et les parents nés au Canada puissent avoir des expériences travail-famille différentes. Dans cette étude, nous examinons comment le croisement des statuts de parent et d'immigrant a influencé l'évolution des écarts d'emploi entre les sexes pendant la pandémie. En nous servant des micro-données de l'enquete sur la main-d'œuvre (EMŒ) de mars 2019 â février 2021, nous examinons la probabilité d'emploi selon le sexe, le statut parental et le statut d'immigrant. Si l'on compare la période de fermeture des écoles (mars â aoÛt 2020) aux mėmes mois de 2019 (avant la pandémie), les femmes immigrées, quel que soit leur statut parental, ont connu des baisses d'emploi plus importantes que leurs homologues masculins et que les non-immigrants, et le fossé entre les sexes s'est le plus creusé chez les immigrants récents ayant des enfants d'âge scolaire. Lorsque les écoles ont progressivement rouvert (de septembre 2020 â février 2021), l'emploi s'est rétabli plus rapidement pour les meres récemment immigrées que pour celles établies. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats montrent que, parmi les parents de jeunes enfants, l'écart croissant entre les sexes en matiere d'emploi pendant la pandémie était concentré parmi les immigrants, les meres immigrantes étant désavantagées de maniere disproportionnée. Cette étude met en lumiere la façon dont la pandémie a exacerbé les inégalités intersectionnelles fondées sur le sexe, la parentalité et le statut d'immigrant.Alternate abstract:The COVID-19 pandemic has upended how we live and work. In Canada, the gender gap In employment among parents with young children widened substantially during the pandemic. Previous studies, however, examine parents in Canada without distinguishing them by immigrant status, although immigrant versus Canadian-born parents may have distinct work-family experiences. In this study, we investigate how the intersection of parental and immigrant statuses influenced change in gender employment gaps during the pandemic. Drawing on Labor Force Survey (LFS) microdata from March 2019 to February 2021, we examine the probability of employment by gender, parental status, and immigrant status. When comparing the school closure period (March to August 2020) relative to the same months in 2019 (pre-pandemic), immigrant women, irrespective of parental status, witnessed larger declines in employment than their male counterparts and nonimmigrants, and the gender gap widened the most among recent immigrants with school-aged children. When schools gradually reopened (September 2020 to February 2021), employment recovered faster for recent than established immigrant mothers. Overall, our findings show that among parents of young children, the growing gender gap in employment during the pandemic was concentrated among immigrants, with immigrant mothers disproportionately disadvantaged. This study illuminates how the pandemic exacerbated intersectional inequalities based on gender, parenthood, and immigrant status.

The Breathwork of Ar-Rahman: An Islamic Ethic of Reproductive Care

Je propose une éthique intersectionnelle et islamique des soins reproductifs, mettant en lumiere les besoins non satisfaits en matiere de soins, et illustrant les blessures épistémiques, morales et ontologiques subies par les musulmanes enceintes, ayant accouché ou étant en post-partum dans un contexte de pandémie mondiale. Ma théorisation féministe s'inscrit dans les récits islamiques de la maternité. Je propose un « vocabulaire moral » qui défend le droit islamique des musulmans â bénéficier d'un soutien en matiere de soins, et qui s'efforce de lutter contre la violence de la séparation maternelle. L'un des themes centraux abordé est la création de liens de parenté, un certain type de soins, par lequel nous nous soutenons les uns les autres dans nos relations, et assumons la responsabilité de la prise de soins et de la satisfaction des besoins de chacun. Dans un sens islamique, la parenté est une sorte de travail, qui consiste â sentir comment nos corps s'adaptent et se déplacent ensemble dans les lieux que nous occupons ensemble. C'est une façon de créer de l'espace pour nos rassemblements, d'accueillir, de loger au sein de nos relations ceux qui ont été brisés par la violence coloniale, hétéro-patriarcale et discriminatoire â l'égard des personnes en situation de handicap. Je soutiens que les soins qui dépassent le cadre des établissements de santé et de la médicalisation offrent un cadre sÛr pour les musulmanes accouchant dans le cadre d'une pandémie. Ces réseaux de soins incluent Allah en tant que doula, des accoucheuses radicales, les (grand-)meres, les territoires et les eaux, les tantes et les amis, ainsi que les ancetres qui veillent sur nous au nom du Créateur lorsque nous portons la vie. Ce type de foyer est une maniere de mobiliser le savoir islamique pour protéger la sécurité ontologique des musulmans et leur droit â posséder leur musulmanité, â penser, critiquer et juger leurs expériences de soins reproductifs de maniere islamique.Alternate abstract:I offer an intersectional and Islamic ethic of reproductive care that makes visible the unmet care needs of and attends to the epistemic, moral and ontological injuries experienced by Muslim pregnant, birthing and postpartum people in a global pandemic. My feminist-theorizing is enveloped within Islamic stories of maternity. I offer a moral vocabulary of care which advocates for the Islamic right of Muslims to supported caregiving and labours against the violence of maternal separation. A central theme is kin-making, a type of caring labour, by which we house one another in our relations and accept responsibility for one another's care and access needs. In an Islamic sense, kin-making is a kind of access-work, of sensing how our bodies fit and move together in the spaces we hold together. It is a way of making space in our gatherings, of homing, of housing within our relations those who have been dislocated by settler-colonial, heteropatriarchal and ableist violence. I argue that what paves safe passage for Muslims birthing in a pandemic are constellations of care that go beyond the scope of health-care settings and medicalized care. Such webs of care include Allah as doula, radical birthworkers, (grand)mothers, lands and waters, aunties and friends and the ancestors that watch over us in Creator's name as we bear life. Such home-making is a way of mobilizing Islamic knowledge to protect the ontological security of Muslims and their right to possess their Muslimness, to think, critique and judge their experiences of reproductive care islamically.

Colonias, Water, and Extractable Bodies: COVID19's impact on the Rio Grande Valley

This paper develops the concept of "extractible bodies" and extends it to apply to Latinxs' experience in the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) subject to structural problems and predatory market practices before and during the pandemic. The RGV has had more COVID cases than counties of equal population size. Through a mixed-methods approach, this paper describes, in detail, how racist state practices, structural inadequacies, poor administration, and predatory capitalism effectively explain why the RGV was the epicenter of COVID-19 in the State of Texas in 2020. We introduce a concept, extractable bodies, to show how Mexican Americans provide limitless opportunities for exploitation while, at the same time, lacking basic public services and shouldering the blame for such circumstances. We focus our analysis on Latinx "essential workers" in an area challenged by health issues, high obesity rates, inadequate infrastructure, the situation in las colonias, and how these factors contributed to the COVID crisis.

Parents' Perceptions of Barriers and Facilitators to Their Children's Multilingual Language Development Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

Les étudiants multilingues, selon le cadre déficitaire des "apprenants de langue seconde," sont désavantagés par rapport â leurs pairs unilingues. Ce cadre ne reconnaît pas les atouts qui accompagnent le développement de la langue â la maison, appelés la richesse culturelle de la communauté ("Community Cultural Wealth": Yosso 2005). Dans cette étude, nous avons posé la question suivante : qu'est-ce que les parents d'enfants multilingues considerent comme des obstacles et des facilitateurs pour soutenir le développement langagier de leurs enfants avant et pendant le COVID-19 ? Six entrevues semi-structurées ont été menées en ligne avec des parents d'enfants ágés de 3 â 5 ans parlant une langue autre que l'anglais â la maison. Ces entrevues ont été enregistrées, transcrites et analysées â l'aide de la méthode qualitative d'analyse de contenu, en utilisant un codage inductif et déductif pour identifier les themes. Nous avons organisé ces themes selon le modele bioécologique de Bronfenbrenner (1979). Les résultats ont révélé que la plupart des obstacles et des facilitateurs au développement multilingue des enfants se situent au niveau du microsysteme de la famille. Les themes étaient liés aux attitudes et aux connaissances, â la maîtrise de l'anglais, â l'exposition, aux ressources et aux expériences des parents. De plus, nous avons constaté que la COVID-19 avait surtout un impact négatif sur l'enfant, le mlcrosystéme et l'exosysteme. Nous discutons de la maniére dont ces obstacles et ces facilitateurs sont liés â la richesse culturelle communautaire. Dans l'avenir, cette étude pourra contribuer â aborder la façon dont les systémes ont marginalisé les familles au sein de nos communautés et â promouvoir les connaissances et le capital culturel qu'offrent ces familles.Alternate :Multilingual students, according to the deficit framework of "English language learners," are at a disadvantage compared to their monolingual peers. This framework fails to recognize the assets that accompany home language development, referred to as Community Cultural Wealth (Yosso 2005). In this study, we asked what do parents of multilingual children identify as barriers and facilitators to supporting their children's language development before and during COVID-19? Six semi-structured interviews were conducted online with parents of children between 3 and 5 years old who spoke a language other than English at home. These interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the qualitative method of directed content analysis, employing both inductive and deductive coding to identify themes. We organized these themes according to Bronfenbrenner's (1979) Bioecological Model. Results revealed most barriers and facilitators to children's multilingual development are at the microsystem level of the family. The themes were related to attitudes and knowledge, English fluency, exposure, resources, and parents' experiences. Additionally, we found that COVID-19 mostly negatively impacted the child, microsystem, and exosystem. We discuss how these barriers and facilitators are related to the different Capitals of Community Cultural Wealth. Moving forward, this study can contribute to addressing how systems have marginalized families within our community and elevate the knowledge and cultural capital these families offer.

Temporary Residents, Lasting Issues: International Graduate Students and Covid-19

La pandémie de Covid-19 a rendu les résidents temporaires au Canada particulièrement vulnérables, car leur statut juridique précaire, les obstacles à l'accès aux soins de santé, l'insécurité financière et professionnelle, l'impossibilité de voyager et l'isolement social se sont intensifiés. Les étudiants internationaux étaient parmi ceux qui devaient relever ces défis tout en étant rendus invisibles en raison de leur statut inconstant d'étudiants et de résidents temporaires. Nos recherches auprès d'étudiants étrangers diplômés et de leurs familles montrent que, même avant la pandémie, cette population était confrontée à des problèmes d'insécurité financière, d'équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée, d'isolement social et de restrictions de voyage, problèmes aggravés par l'entrecroisement de la race et du genre, et exacerbés par la Covid-19. Étant donné que la pandémie de Covid-19 a amplifié les inégalités sous-jacentes au Canada au niveau systémique, avec plus de personnes racialisées atteints de Covid-19 et qui en meurent, et plus de personnes racialisées avec un statut légal précaire qui perdent leur gagnepain, nous pouvons postuler que les étudiants internationaux ne font pas exception. Les mesures adoptées par le gouvernement canadien, telles que la prestation d'urgence pour les étudiants canadiens, excluent les étudiants internationaux, qui contribuent à l'économie canadienne à hauteur de plus de 20 milliards de dollars par an et sont une source de revenus pour les universités et les collèges canadiens. Dans cet article, nous examinons comment la pandémie de Covid-19 a affecté les étudiants internationaux diplômés et leur vie familiale dans une ville de l'Alberta et quel impact les politiques gouvernementales ont eu sur leur vie. Basé sur 20 entretiens approfondis avec des étudiants étrangers diplômés et leurs conjoints, cet article met en évidence la disparité de soutien entre les étudiants étrangers et les citoyens canadiens pendant la pandémie, y compris le soutien financier, l'assistance institutionnelle, l'isolement et les interactions transnationales. Nous explorons également la manière dont les hypothèses institutionnelles et les politiques gouvernementales durant la pandémie sapent l'expérience sexiste et racialisée des étudiants étrangers diplômés avec leur famille immédiate et transnationale. Nous proposons à travers notre analyse que le traitement des étudiants internationaux pendant la pandémie devrait être une préoccupation de justice académique étant donné le statut vulnérable, précaire et relativement invisible de cette population, souligné en outre par les discriminations intersectionnelles vécues par de nombreux étudiants qui cherchent à trouver un avenir au Canada.Alternate :The Covid-19 pandemic made temporary residents in Canada particularly vulnerable, as their precarious legal status, barriers in accessing healthcare, financial and job insecurity, the impossibility of travel, and social isolation intensified. International students were among those who had to navigate these challenges while being made invisible due to their liminal status of being students and temporary residents. Our research with international graduate students and their families shows that even in pre-pandemic times, this population was battling financial insecurities, issues of worklife balance, social isolation, and travel restrictions;issues compounded at the intersections of race and gender and exacerbated by Covid-19. Given that the Covid-19 pandemic has amplified underlying inequities in Canada at the systemic level, with more racialized people being infected with Covid-19 and dying from it, and more racialized people with precarious legal status losing their livelihood, we can assume that international students are no exception. Measures adopted by the Canadian government, such as the Canada Student Emergency Benefit, excluded international students, who contribute over 20 billion dollars annuall to the Canadian economy and are a source of revenue for Canadian universities and colleges. In this paper, we explore how the Covid-19 pandemic affected international graduate students and their familial lives in a city in Alberta and what impact government policies had on their lives. Based on 20 in-depth interviews with international graduate students and their spouses, this paper highlights the disparity in support between international students and Canadian citizens during the pandemic, including financial support, institutional assistance, isolation, and transnational interactions. We also explore how institutional assumptions and governmental policies during the pandemic undermine the gendered and racialized experience of international graduate students with their immediate and transnational families. We contend through our analysis that the treatment of international students during the pandemic should be a concern of academic justice given the vulnerable, precarious, and relatively invisible status of this population, underscored further by the intersectional discriminations experienced by many students who are looking to find a future in Canada.

Family Matters: Navigating the Intentional Precarity of Racialized Migrant and Refugee Workers in Canadian Meatpacking

Au Canada, l'industrie de conditionnement de la viande dépend fortement d'une main-d'œuvre composée d'immigrés et d'immigrants racialisés, dont beaucoup sont d'anciens réfugiés. Au printemps 2020, l'industrie a connu des épidémies dévastatrices de COVID-19 qui ont entraîné des centaines d'infections, de nombreux décès et la fermeture d'usines dans le sud de l'Alberta. Sur la base des résultats d'un partenariat de recherche communauté-université, les intersections entre le statut d'immigration et les conditions de travail auxquelles sont confrontés les travailleurs immigrés-réfugiés sont analysées dans l'industrie de conditionnement de la viande en Alberta. À partir de 225 réponses à un sondage et de 17 entrevues qualitatives avec des travailleurs immigrants, immigrés et réfugiés, le concept de " précarité intentionnelle " est avancé pour explorer les stratégies utilisées par l'industrie pour maintenir une main-d'œuvre docile. Cet article apporte trois contributions. Premièrement, nous présentons des comptes-rendus originaux des épidémies de COVID-19 de 2020 dans l'industrie canadienne de conditionnement de la viande du point de vue des travailleurs immigrés et migrants ;deuxièmement, nous démontrons que les travailleurs immigrés et migrants ne sont pas seulement des travailleurs autonomes, mais plutôt des personnes intégrées dans des réseaux de soins et de parenté à la fois locaux et transnationaux ;et troisièmement, nous dévoilons la relation tendue entre les travailleurs immigrés et migrants, leurs familles et les environnements de travail sales, difficiles, dangereux (3D) et, pendant le COVID-19, mortels. Nous postulons que les familles agissent comme un tampon contre le travail en 3D en offrant protection et assistance en temps de crise, comme les épidémies de COVID-19 dans les abattoirs. Pourtant, l'obligation de subvenir aux besoins de la famille est souvent la raison principale pour laquelle les travailleurs acceptent un emploi dans l'industrie de la viande.Alternate :In Canada, the meatpacking industry relies heavily on a workforce comprised of racialized migrants and immigrants, many of whom are former refugees. In the spring of 2020, the industry saw devastating COVID-19 outbreaks leading to hundreds of infections, numerous fatalities and plant closures in Southern Alberta. Based on findings from a community-university research partnership, the intersections of immigration status and the conditions of work faced by im/migrant-refugee workers are analyzed in the Alberta meatpacking industry. Drawing on 225 survey responses and 17 qualitative interviews with im/migrant and refugee workers, the concept of 'intentional precarity' is advanced to explore the strategies that the industry uses to maintain a docile workforce. This paper makes three contributions. First, we present original accounts of the 2020 COVID-19 outbreaks in Canadian meatpacking from the perspective of im/migrant workers;second, we demonstrate that im/migrant workers are not just autonomous labourers, but rather people embedded in caring and kin networks that are both local and transnational;and third, we unpack the fraught relationship between im/migrant workers, their families and the dirty, difficult, dangerous (3D) - and, during COVID-19, deadly - work environments. We argue that families act as a buffer against 3D work by offering protection and assistance in times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 outbreaks in slaughterhouses. Yet, obligations to support family are also often the primary reason for workers to take jobs in meatpacking in the first place.

How They Learned to Stop Worrying and Love (the) Restrictions? Reimagining COVID-19 Lockdowns-as-Liberative and Restorative: A Case Study of Somali Canadian Mothers

Le site de «l'un des mandats de maintien â la maison les plus stricts et les plus longs au monde», les confinements en Ontario sont devenus une source de discorde dans le discours public provincial - souvent compris comme restrictifs, épuisants et detestables. Cependant, au sein de ce groupe, il existe un groupe d'Ontariennes pour qui ces mandats étaient perçus comme liberent et réparatrif - un groupe (n=29) de meres Somaliennes canadiennes. Des entretiens individuels avec vingt-neuf meres Somaliennes ont révélé une réalité convergente qui s'écarte significativement de l'opinion publique dominante: plutôt que restrictives et isolantes, les confinements sont perçus par ces femmes comme libératrices et réparatrices, car elles offrent un répit prolongé loin de la Négrophobie (le racisme anti-noir) et l'Islamophobie négociés dans une société coloniale. La maison Somalienne enfermé offre â ses habitants doublement racialisés (noir, Musulman) la possibilité d'exister sans conséquence, car ils forgent une distance physique et psychique entre eux et les navigations quotidiennes de la subordination Négrophobie et Islamophobie. Cet article engage une lentille féministe noire pour examiner de maniere critique comment les meres contestent - dans leur maison -avec la marginalisation que leurs enfants Musulmans noirs négocient dans l'espace public urbain. En s'appuyant sur les perceptions des meres Somallennes du confinement, cet article avance l'argument saillant que, pour certains groupes marginalisés dans les sociétés coloniales, l'espace privé offre considérablement plus de libération par rapport â leur homologue public. Premier texte â considérer les confinements comme libérateurs et réparateurs, cet article contribue â la sociologie féministe noire, aux géographies canadiennes noires, ainsi qu'aux études sur la diaspora Somalienne au sens large.Alternate abstract:The site of "one of the world's strictest and longest running stay-at-home mandates," lockdowns in Ontario have become a source of contention within provincial public discourse, often understood as restrictive, exhausting, and detestable. Amongst this, however, there exists a group of Ontarians for whom staying-at-home is conversely perceived as liberating and restorative - a group (n=29) of Somali Canadian mothers. Twenty-nine (n=29) individual interviews with Ottawa-based Somali mothers revealed a converging reality which diverges significantly from dominant public opinion: rather than restrictive and isolating, lockdowns are perceived by these women as liberative and restorative, for they offer a prolonged respite from the anti-Black racism and Islamophobia negotiated in settler colonial space. The locked down Somali home provides its doubly racialized (Black, Muslim) inhabitants the room to exist without consequence, in part by forging physical and psychic distance between Somali mothers, their kin, and the daily navigations of anti-Black and Islamophobic subordination. This paper engages a Black feminist lens to critically consider how mothers contend - in-house - with the marginalization their Black Muslim children negotiate in urban public space. By leaning on the Somali mothers' perceptions of lockdown, this work wages the salient argument that, for certain marginalized groups in settler colonial societies, private space provides considerably more liberation relative to their public counterpart. The first of its kind to read lockdowns-as-liberative and restorative, this article contributes to Black feminist sociology, Black Canadian geographies, as well as Somali diasporic studies writ large.

The Role of Financial Insecurity, Racial Discrimination, and Comorbid Health Conditions on Mental Health in Canada and the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Le Canada et les États-Unis ont une longue histoire de racisme qui se retrouve dans toutes les institutions et structures de nos sociétés. Bien que les mouvements antiracistes aient gagné en force ces dernieres années, nous savons tres peu de choses sur les taux actuels de discrimination dans les deux pays ou sur l'impact sur les communautés pendant la pandémie de COVID-19. S'inspirant de la théorie féministe du racisme critique, cet article examine les niveaux de discrimination subis par les participants du Canada and des États-Unis pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, â l'aide d'une enquete transversale menée en Octobre 2021. Nous avons ensuite évalué l'impact plus large de l'expérience de la discrimination sur les symptômes dépressifs en utilisant une analyse de regression logistique. Au Canada comme aux États-Unis, la regression logistique multivariée a confirmé que le fait d'avoir été victime de discrimination entraînait une probabilité plus élevée de signaler des symptômes dépressifs modérés ou graves. Les autres facteurs importants étaient l'âge, l'insécurité financiere et la comorbidité. Les résultats globaux suggerent que les communautés indigenes, noires et autres communautés racialisées ayant été victimes de discrimination présentent des taux plus élevés de symptômes dépressifs, malgré la prise en compte d'autres facteurs. D'un point de vue comparatif, les taux de discrimination étaient similaires au Canada et aux ÉtatsUnis, et présentaient des proportions similaires dans tous les groupes raciaux/ethniques. Les taux de discrimination ne varient pas de maniere significative en fonction du sexe, et le sexe n'est pas un facteur de risque statistiquement significatif pour les symptômes dépressifs. D'autres recherches, notamment des études qualitatives, pourraient permettre d'évaluer pleinement l'impact du sexe sur les expériences de racisme et les symptômes dépressifs pendant la pandémie. L'article se termine par des suggestions de politiques et d'éducation du public pour lutter contre la discrimination raciale et souligne la nécessité d'une action gouvernementale supplémentaire en période de crise.Alternate abstract:Canada and the United States have long histories of racism that permeate every institution and structure in our societies. While anti-racism movements have gained strength in recent years, we know very little about current rates of discrimination in the two countries or the impact on communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Informed by critical race feminist theory, this paper examines levels of discrimination experienced by survey participants from Canada and the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic with a cross-sectional survey conducted during October 2021. We then assessed the broader impact of experiencing discrimination on depressive symptoms using logistic regression analysis. In both Canada and the US, multivariate logistic regression maintained that experiencing discrimination resulted in higher probabilities of reporting moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Other important factors included age, financial insecurity, and comorbid health conditions. Overall findings suggest that Indigenous, Black, and other racialized communities who experienced discrimination reported higher rates of depressive symptoms despite controlling for other factors. From a comparative perspective, discrimination rates were similar in Canada and the US, and had similar proportions across racial/ethnic groups. Discrimination rates did not vary significantly by gender, nor was gender a statistically significant risk factor for depressive symptoms. Further research, including qualitative studies, could fully assess the impact of gender on experiences of racism and depressive symptoms during the pandemic. The paper concludes with policy and public education suggestions to combat racial discrimination and highlights the need for added government action during times of crises.

Small-Town Pride: Understanding People in Their Social Worlds

This article traces the “shadow geographies” of the 1980s gay bar scene in Ohio’s capital, Columbus, and contrasts it with the emergence of LGBTQ movements in Midwestern small towns. Urban gay bar scenes have declined since at least 2009, and the COVID-19 pandemic has only hastened their demise. At the same time, pride events have emerged in the communities like Parkersburg, West Virginia;Washington, Pennsylvania;Marysville, Ohio, and;and many other cities and towns with populations under 50,000 people. The decline of urban gay bars does not mean the demise of LGBTQ activism;it just means that we should look for activism outside of urban centers.

Service Deserts and Periphery Neighborhoods in Detroit: Understanding People in Their Social Worlds

Before Covid-19, Downtown Detroit was enjoying an urban renaissance, but periphery neighborhoods that were lower priority for revitalization remained “service deserts.” These service deserts resulted in coping strategies, behavioral health outcomes, and neighbors becoming service providers. Residents of these areas also experienced increased vulnerability to the pandemic due to lack of access to information and pre-existing health conditions. This article recounts how residents experience living in a service desert and the subsequent impacts of Covid-19.

Intercultural Communication in Teaching Strategies for a Polyethnic Environment in Modern University (Online and Digital Forms)

The intercultural competence of students in the context of the value approach helps to harmonize the psychological climate in the ingtergroup throughout the entire period of study, which helps to improve the academic performance of students and prevents interethnic conflicts both in online and digital forms. Modern education in higher educational institutions, the leadership of which was forced to largely revise the principles of interaction between students and teachers due to the introduced self-isolation regime and lockdown measures during the Covid-19 pandemic around the world, today includes contact and distant forms of communication, implemented through online and offline formats. At the same time, an increase in the number of situations in which it is necessary to interact in writing and orally is due to the introduction of social networks and instant messengers into the educational process, in which intercultural competence allows expressing one's thoughts more correctly and better understanding the foreign recipient. Tasks: (1) identify the main predictors of misunderstanding that may arise in the process of intercultural communication;(2) identify the factors contributing to the establishment of intercultural communication;(3) analyze the specifics of intercultural communication in digital and offline formats. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Physical Activity Levels of a Multi-Ethnic Population of Young Men Living in Saudi Arabia and Factors Associated With Physical Inactivity.

OBJECTIVE: Regular physical activity is essential for lifelong optimal health. Contrarily, physical inactivity is linked with risk for many chronic diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the physical activity levels and factors associated with physical inactivity among a multi-ethnic population of young men living in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 3,600 young men (20-35 years) living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sociodemographic and physical activity data were collected from subjects by face-to-face interviews. Physical activity characteristics were evaluated by using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Weight and height were measured following standardized methods, then body mass index was calculated. RESULTS: Physical inactivity was reported among 24.9% of study subjects. The lowest and highest rates of physical inactivity were reported among subjects from the Philippines (14.0%) and Saudi Arabia (41.5%), respectively. There is a high variation in daily minutes spent on physical activities related to work, transport, recreation, vigorous and moderate-intensity physical activities and sedentary behaviors among study participants based on their nationalities. Nationality, increasing age, longer residency period in Saudi Arabia, living within a family household, having a high education level, earning a high monthly income, and increasing body mass index were significantly associated with a higher risk of physical inactivity among the study participants. CONCLUSION: Physical inactivity prevalence is relatively high among a multi-ethnic population of young men living in Saudi Arabia. The findings confirmed notable disparities in the physical activity characteristics among participants from different countries living in Saudi Arabia.

Comorbid anxiety and depression, depression, and anxiety in comparison in multi-ethnic community of west China: prevalence, metabolic profile, and related factors.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the prevalence, lifestyle factors, chronic disease status, and assessing the metabolic profile, comparing key differences in a cohort of subjects aged at least 50 years old among depression combined anxiety, depression and anxiety in a multi-ethnic population in west China. METHODS: A large multi-ethnic sample of 6838 participants aged 50 years old (mean age 62.4 ± 8.3 years) from West China Health and Aging Trend (WCHAT) study was analyzed. We categorized all participants into four groups: (a) comorbid anxiety and depression symptomology (CAD), (b) anxiety only, (c) depression only, or (d) neither depression nor anxiety. Different variables like anthropometry measures, life styles, chronic disease and blood test were collected. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). GDS-15 scores ≥5 indicate depression. Anxiety status was assessed using Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) instrument and the scores ≥5 was considered as having anxiety. Different variables like anthropometry measures, life styles, cognitive function and chronic disease comorbidities were collected and serum parameters were tested. Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity was done to compare between those with the mental outcomes and without. RESULTS: The proportions of CAD, anxiety and depression were 9.0%, 12.8% and 10.6% respectively with ethnic diversity. The 'comorbid' group shown greater frequency of being female, having a lower educational level, higher prevalence of being single/divorced/widowed, drinking alcohol and smoking, more chronic disease profile and cognitive decline compared with individuals with only one disorder. And the metabolic profile showed differences in albumin, total protein, creatinine, uric acid, thyroid hormones in comparing CAD symptomology and the 'neither symptomology'. CONCLUSIONS: Yi, Qiang and Uyghur ethnic groups have a higher prevalence of mental disease compared with Han in west China. And these mental disease had a distinct risk factor profile in age, sex, educational level, chronic disease and cognitive function. Vitamin D levels were lower among those with mental disease compared to those without.

Mental Health of Newcomer Refugee and Immigrant Youth During COVID-19

Dans cet article, nous examinons comment le degré d'assimilation et d'acculturation des jeunes réfugiés, l'insécurité alimentaire, la resilience, et les liens sociaux affectent la santé mentale des jeunes réfugiés et immigrants récents dans une ville de taille moyenne pendant la pandémie de COVID-19. Les données de cette étude sont basées sur un échantillon de nouveaux arrivants, principalement des réfugiés, interrogés entre juillet et novembre 2020. Les indicateurs de mauvaise santé mentale incluent la fréquence â laquelle les répondants se sont sentis tristes, stressés, confus, isolés, impuissants, nerveux, désespérés ou déprimé pendant la pandémie de COVID-19. L'analyse multivariée souligne l'importance de la résilience et de la densité familiale (le nombre de freres et sœurs) pour la diminution des problemes de santé mentale, cependant que l'insécurité alimentaire et la durée de résidence au Canada ont accru la mauvaise santé mentale. Parmi ces facteurs, l'insécurité alimentaire suivie par la résilience étaient les prédicteurs les plus forts de la santé mentale des jeunes réfugiés et immigrants.Alternate :In this paper, we examine how the degree of newcomer youth assimilation and acculturation, food insecurity, resilience, and social connections affect the mental health of recent refugee and immigrant youth in a mid-sized city during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data for this study are based on a sample of newcomers, mostly refugees, surveyed between July and November 2020. Indicators of mental health problems include the frequency in which respondents felt sad, stressed, confused, isolated, helpless, nervous, hopeless, or depressed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multivariate analysis points to the importance of resiliency and family density (i.e., number of siblings) for decreasing mental health problems, while food insecurity and length of residency in Canada increased them. Among these, food insecurity followed by resiliency were the strongest predictors of refugee and immigrant youth's mental health.

Implication of food insecurity on the gut microbiota and its potential relevance to a multi-ethnic population in Malaysia.

Food insecurity (FI) has an impact on food intake, and it can make it difficult for people to eat enough nutritious food at all times to sustain an active and healthy lifestyle. The COVID-19 outbreak has hampered people's capacity to obtain nutritious and affordable food. Although FI has been studied in Malaysia, the extent to which it is linked to gut microbiota has yet to be discovered. This review aimed to compile evidence of the relationship between FI and gut microbial changes and their potential relevance to a multi-ethnic population in Malaysia. FI is typically associated with cheaper and calorie-dense foods because of the high cost of quality food and financial constraints that hinder food-insecure people from adopting healthier dietary choices. As a result, they have started eating low-quality food such as simple carbohydrates, fats, and processed foods. These poor eating habits can reduce microbial diversity and influence changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota. This review also explores the impact of ethnicity on the variation in composition of gut microbiota. In conclusion, the findings of this review may be utilized to develop and implement diet-related intervention programs to ensure that Malaysians get enough nutritious food to maintain a healthy gut microbiota and improve overall health.